Intelligence

Intelligence has been defined in many different ways including one's capacity for logic, abstract thought, understanding, self-awareness, communication, learning, emotional knowledge, memory, planning, creativity and problem solving. It can be more generally described as the ability to perceive information, and retain it as knowledge to be applied towards adaptive behaviors within an environment.

Intelligence is most widely studied in humans, but has also been observed in non-human animals and in plants. Artificial intelligence is intelligence in machines. (i.e., software)

Within the discipline of psychology, various approaches to human intelligence have been adopted. The psychometric approach is especially familiar to the general public, as well as being the most researched and by far the most widely used in practical settings.

History of the term

Intelligence derives from the Latin verb intelligere, to comprehend or perceive. A form of this verb, intellectus, became the medieval technical term for understanding, and a translation for the Greek philosophical term nous. This term was however strongly linked to the metaphysical and cosmological theories of teleological scholasticism, including theories of the immortality of the soul, and the concept of the Active Intellect (also known as the Active Intelligence). This entire approach to the study of nature was strongly rejected by the early modern philosophers such as Francis Bacon, Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and David Hume, all of whom preferred the word "understanding" in their English philosophical works. Hobbes for example, in his Latin De Corpore, used "intellectus intelligit" (translated in the English version as "the understanding understandeth") as a typical example of a logical absurdity. The term "intelligence" has therefore become less common in English language philosophy, but it has later been taken up (with the scholastic theories which it now implies) in more contemporary psychology.

Intelligence (disambiguation)

Intelligence is a term describing one or more capacities of the mind.

Intelligence may also refer to:

Information

Academic

Media

Music

Intelligence (journal)

Intelligence is a peer-reviewed academic journal of psychology that covers intelligence and psychometrics. It is published by Elsevier and is the official journal of the International Society for Intelligence Research.The journal was established in 1977 and the editor in chief is Douglas K. Detterman (Case Western Reserve University). As of 2010, it is publishing articles within an average of 10.6 weeks of acceptance.

Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in Psychological Abstracts/PsycINFO, Child Development Abstracts and Bibliography, Current Index to Journals in Education, Scopus, and Sociological Abstracts. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2014 impact factor was 3.245. It ranks around 10th among the 120 journals in its area.

External links

Study (art)

In art, a study is a drawing, sketch or painting done in preparation for a finished piece, or as visual notes. Studies are often used to understand the problems involved in rendering subjects and to plan the elements to be used in finished works, such as light, color, form, perspective and composition. Studies can have more impact than more-elaborately planned work, due to the fresh insights the artist gains while exploring the subject. The excitement of discovery can give a study vitality. Even when layers of the work show changes the artist made as more was understood, the viewer shares more of the artist's sense of discovery. Written notes alongside visual images add to the import of the piece as they allow the viewer to share the artist's process of getting to know the subject.

Studies inspired some of the first 20th century conceptual art, where the creative process itself becomes the subject of the piece. Since the process is what is all-important in studies and conceptual art, the viewer may be left with no material object of art.

Study (soundtrack)

Study Original Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2012 film, Study. It was released on iTunes on October 1, 2013. The soundtrack uses a variety of musical genres including hard rock, psychedelic rock, new age, funk rock, gothic rock and trash metal. The original score was composed by Paolo Benetazzo, Roberto Chemello and Jean Charles Carbone.

The soundtrack includes famous pieces of classical music reinterpreted for the film, such as Liszt's Un Sospiro, Chopin's Funeral March and Nocturne in E minor, Op. posth. 72, and Debussy's Arabesque No. 1.

According to the film's director, Paolo Benetazzo, "Music plays a crucial part in Study. The film does not rely on traditional techniques of narrative cinema. I wanted the film to be a primarily visual and sound experience in which music plays a vital role in evoking specific atmospheres."

Track listing

Additional music

These classical pieces are used in the film, but are not included on the soundtrack album.

Study (film)

Study is a 2012 Italian psychological thriller drama film written, produced, directed by and starring Paolo Benetazzo. It follows a psychology student in the last week before his final exam, discovering his life and exploring his mind. Distinguished by a profound cinematic individualism, the film was made on an extremely low-budget and was entirely shot by Benetazzo without any film crew.

Study has been screened and awarded at several international film festivals including the California Film Awards,Portobello Film Festival,Indie Fest,Cyprus International Film Festival. The film has since developed a cult following among fans and audience.

Plot

Starting on Monday, in the middle of his room, a student (Paolo Benetazzo) tries to study surrounded by his past and his present, obsessed by the concept of life and death, and tortured by the eternal struggle between science and religion. Each day is a distinct representation of how the student’s behavior can be influenced by interpersonal relationships and subsequently by society. His consciousness is revealed through a combination of memories, emotions and motivations in a six-day span, while one day is entirely focused on his unconscious cognitive processes. As the days go by, unexpected characters and situations interfere with the student, turning what was meant to be a regular week of study into a complete nightmare.